Chapter 10 Biotechnology and its Application Notes 2027 NCERT Class 12th biology PDF+PYQ

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*Complete NEET Short Notes  

This covers 100% NCERT + PYQ 

### *1. Basics of Biotechnology*

*Definition*: Use of living organisms or enzymes to produce products useful for humans.  

*Modern Biotechnology = Genetic Engineering + Bioprocess Engineering*

*3 Core Research Areas:*

1. *Best Catalyst*: Improved organism for product

2. *Optimum Conditions*: Bioreactor for large-scale growth  

3. *Downstream Processing*: Separation & purification

### *2. Applications in Medicine 

#### *A. Genetically Engineered Insulin - Humilin*

*Why Imp*: 1st company Eli Lilly, 1983. Removed allergy problem from animal insulin.

1. *Pro-insulin*: A-chain + C-peptide + B-chain → Needs processing

2. *Mature Insulin*: Only A-chain + B-chain. *C-peptide absent*

3. *A-chain*: 21 amino acids | *B-chain*: 30 amino acids

4. *Disulphide bonds*: 3 total → 2 b/w A-B, 1 within A-chain

5. *Production*: A & B chains produced separately in _E.coli_ → joined by disulphide bonds

#### *B. Gene Therapy*

*1st Case*: ADA deficiency, 1990, 4-year girl  

*Method*: Lymphocytes taken → Functional ADA cDNA via retrovirus → Re-injected  

*Limitation*: Not permanent cure as lymphocytes are not immortal. Stem cells needed for permanent cure.

#### *C. Molecular Diagnosis*

**Technique** **Principle** **Use** **NEET PYQ Year**

**PCR** DNA amplification by Taq polymerase HIV, Genetic disorders, Cancer 2018, 21, 23

**ELISA** Antigen-Antibody interaction AIDS, Pregnancy test 2017, 20, 22

**Autoradiography** Mutated gene + radioactive probe Sickle cell anemia 2019

*PCR Steps*: 

1. *Denaturation 94°C* → dsDNA to ssDNA 

2. *Annealing 54°C* → Primers bind 

3. *Extension 72°C* → Taq polymerase adds nucleotides  

*Taq polymerase*: From _Thermus aquaticus_, thermostable.

### *3. Applications in Agriculture - GMO*

#### *A. Bt Crops - Cry Protein*

*Source*: _Bacillus thuringiensis_ bacteria  

*Gene*: `cry` gene codes for Bt toxin:

**cry Gene** **Kills** **Used in**

**cryIAc** Cotton bollworm Bt Cotton

**cryIIAb** Cotton bollworm Bt Cotton

**cryIAb** Corn borer Bt Corn

*Mode of Action*:

`Inactive protoxin in plant → Insect eats → Alkaline gut activates toxin → Binds midgut epithelium → Pores formed → Cell lysis → Insect dies`  

*NEET Point*: Toxin is inactive in bacteria/plant. Active only in insect gut.

#### *B. RNA Interference - RNAi*

*Concept*: Silencing of specific mRNA by complementary dsRNA  

*Use*: Prevent _Meloidegyne incognita_ nematode in tobacco roots  

*Steps*: `dsRNA → Dicer cuts → siRNA → RISC complex → Target mRNA destroyed`  

*Nobel*: Andrew Fire & Craig Mello, 2006. NEET 2018

#### *C. Other Important GMOs*

1. *Golden Rice*: Vitamin A enriched. Beta-carotene gene from daffodil

2. *Flavr Savr Tomato*: Delayed ripening. Antisense RNA of polygalacturonase enzyme

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### *4. Transgenic Animals*

*Definition*: Animals with foreign DNA in genome

*"Rosie" - 1st Transgenic Cow 1997* 

*Gene*: Human α-lactalbumin  

*Milk*: 2.4 g/L human protein, nutritionally more balanced for human babies. NEET 2016, 2020

*3 Main Uses - Must Learn*:

1. *Study normal physiology*: How genes are regulated. Ex: Insulin-like growth factor

2. *Study disease*: Models for Cancer, Cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's to test new treatments

3. *Biological products*: Human α-1-antitrypsin for emphysema, blood clotting factors

### *5. Ethical Issues*

**Term** **Meaning

**GEAC** Genetic Engg Approval Committee under MoEFCC Approves GMO field trials & release in India

**Biopiracy** Use of bio-resources without permission/compensation Basmati Rice, Neem, Turmeric patent by US firms

### *NEET Diagram Checklist - Label These*

1. *Stirred-tank Bioreactor*: Motor, Sterile air, Foam breaker, Impeller, pH/Temp control, Sampling port, Steam inlet

2. *Mature Insulin*: A-chain, B-chain, 3 S-S bonds labeled

3. *Bt Toxin Action*: Inactive toxin → Active toxin → Pore formation

### *NEET PYQ One-Liners - Direct Questions*

1. *C-peptide* is absent in mature insulin

2. *cryIAc & cryIIAb* control cotton bollworm

3. *Taq polymerase* is used in PCR, heat stable

4. *ELISA* is based on antigen-antibody interaction

5. *RNAi* involves silencing of specific mRNA

6. *ADA deficiency* was 1st gene therapy case

7. *GEAC* full form = Genetic Engineering Approval Committee

8. *Golden Rice* is rich in Vitamin A

9. *Rosie cow* produced human α-lactalbumin

10. *Bacillus thuringiensis* produces Bt toxin

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*NEET Strategy*: 

`Insulin + Bt Cotton + PCR + GEAC + RNAi = 90% questions`.  

NCERT line by line + diagrams with labels = Full marks.

All the best! Crack NEET