NEET Biology Chapter 12 Mineral Nutrition Class 11 Notes PDF | NEET 2027

*Hello Friend 👋

NEET 2027 ki taiyari kar rahe ho? Ye NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 12 Mineral Nutrition ke sabse important short notes hain. Inko padh ke 1-2 Question NEET me pakke fix hain.

### *1. HYDROPONICS = Soil-less Culture*

Inventor = Julius von Sachs 1860

Use = Test Essentiality of Elements + Commercial Farming

Essential = Aeration + pH + Balanced Nutrients

Example = Tomato, Lettuce, Seedless Cucumber

Aeroponics = Roots in Air + Nutrient Mist = NASA

### *2. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS = 17 Total* `Criteria by Arnon & Stout`

1. Element needed for Complete Life Cycle

2. Requirement Specific = No Substitute

3. Directly Involved in Metabolism

**Type** **Conc.** **Elements**

**Macronutrients = 9** >10 m mole/kg **C H O N P K Ca Mg S** = **C**hhotu **H**as **O**nly **P**layed **K**ing **N**ow **S**ince **Ca**lcium **Mg**

**Micronutrients = 8** <10 m mole/kg **Fe Mn Cu Zn B Mo Cl Ni** = **F**or **M**y **Cu**te **Z**inc **B**ro **Mo**ney **Cl**ear **Ni**ce

### *3. MACRONUTRIENTS - Role + Deficiency*

**Element** **Absorbed As** **Role** **Deficiency** **Mobility**

**N** NO3-, NH4+ Proteins, Chlorophyll, Nucleic Acid Chlorosis Old Leaves, Stunted Mobile

**P** H2PO4-, HPO4 2- ATP, NADP, DNA, Phospholipid Purple Leaves, Poor Roots Mobile

**K** K+ 40+ Enzymes, Stomata, Turgor Scorched Margins Mobile

**Ca** Ca2+ Middle Lamella = Ca Pectate, Spindle Necrosis Young, Meristem Dead Immobile

**Mg** Mg2+ Chlorophyll Centre, Ribosome Interveinal Chlorosis Old Mobile

**S** SO4 2- Cys, Met, CoA, Vitamins Chlorosis Young, Tea Yellow Immobile

### *4. MICRONUTRIENTS - Role + Deficiency*

**Element** **Role** **Deficiency Disease** **Mobility**

**Fe** Cytochromes, Ferredoxin, Chlorophyll Synthesis Interveinal Chlorosis Young Immobile

**Mn** Photolysis H2O, O2 Evolving Grey Speck Oat Immobile

**Cu** Plastocyanin, Lignin Synthesis Dieback, Exanthema Immobile

**Zn** Auxin IAA Synthesis, Carboxylase Little Leaf, Rosette, **Khaira Rice** Immobile

**B** Sugar Translocation, Pollen Germination Death Shoot Tip, Heart Rot Beet Immobile

**Mo** Nitrogenase, Nitrate Reductase **Whiptail Cauliflower** Immobile

**Cl** Photolysis H2O, Ion Balance Wilting, Bronzing Mobile

**Ni** Urease, Hydrogenase Necrosis Leaf Tips Mobile

*Trick*: *Mobile = N P K Mg Cl Ni* = *N*aya *P*yar *K*arna *M*ana *Cl*ass *Ni*kal = Old Leaves First  

*Baki Sab Immobile* = Young Leaves First

### *5. TOXICITY*

Definition = Conc. reduce dry weight by 10% = Toxic

Mn Toxicity = Brown Spots + Induces Fe, Ca, Mg Deficiency

Any Mineral Excess = Inhibits Uptake of Other

### *6. NITROGEN METABOLISM* `Most Imp for NEET`

*A. Biological N2 Fixation*

Symbiotic = Rhizobium + Legume = Root Nodules = Pink = Leghaemoglobin = O2 Scavenger

Equation: N2 + 8H+ + 8e- + 16 ATP → 2NH3 + H2 + 16ADP

Enzyme = Nitrogenase = Mo-Fe Protein = O2 Sensitive

Nod Genes = Nodulation, Nif Genes = N2 Fixation

Non-Legume = Frankia + Alnus, Anabaena + Azolla = Rice Field Biofertilizer

Free Living = Azotobacter Aerobic, Rhodospirillum Anaerobic

Cyanobacteria = Anabaena, Nostoc = Heterocyst = Site of N2 Fix

*B. Nitrification = NH3 → NO3-*

Step 1: NH3 → NO2- = Nitrosomonas, Nitrococcus

Step 2: NO2- → NO3- = Nitrobacter

Chemoautotrophs = Energy from Oxidation

*C. Assimilation = NO3- → NH3 → Amino Acid*

Nitrate Reductase = Mo + FAD = NO3- → NO2- = Cytosol

Nitrite Reductase = Fe + Cu = NO2- → NH3 = Chloroplast

Reductive Amination = α-Ketoglutarate + NH3 → Glutamate = GDH

Transamination = Amino Group Transfer

Amides = Asparagine + Glutamine = Transport Form = High N/C = Xylem

*D. Denitrification = NO3- → N2*

Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus = Anaerobic = Loss of Soil Fertility

### *7. NITROGEN CYCLE - Flow*

N2 Atmosphere → Biological Fixation → NH3 → Nitrification → NO3- → Assimilation → Plant Protein

Dead Matter → Ammonification → NH3 → Nitrification

NO3- → Denitrification → N2 Back to Atmosphere

Lightning = N2 → NO → NO3-

### *8. PYQ HOTSPOTS 2017-2024* 🔥

1. *Leghaemoglobin* = Pink, O2 Scavenger, Protects Nitrogenase = NEET 2024

2. *Nitrogenase* = Mo-Fe, O2 Sensitive, 16 ATP = NEET 2024  

3. *Khaira Disease* = Zn Deficiency, Rice = NEET 2023

4. *Whiptail* = Mo Deficiency, Cauliflower = NEET 2023

5. *Mobile Elements* = N, P, K, Mg = Old Leaves First = NEET 2022

6. *Immobile* = Ca, S, Fe = Young Leaves First = NEET 2022

7. *Photolysis H2O* = Mn + Cl Required = NEET 2021

8. *Nitrate Reductase* = Mo + FAD = NEET 2021

9. *Azolla-Anabaena* = Biofertilizer, Rice = NEET 2020

10. *Hydroponics* = Julius von Sachs = NEET 2020

11. *Chlorophyll Centre* = Mg2+ = NEET 2019

12. *Middle Lamella* = Ca Pectate = NEET 2019

13. *Heterocyst* = N2 Fixation Site = NEET 2018

### *9. QUICK TRICKS* 🧠

1. Deficiency: **Z**inc = **Z**hota Leaf, **B**oron = **B**roken Tip, **Mo** = **Mo**tta Leaf

2. N2 Fix: **8H 8e 16ATP** = 8 ka table

3. Enzymes: Nitrogenase = **Mo-Fe**, Nitrate Reductase = **Mo**, Nitrite Reductase = **Fe-Cu**

4. Mobile Yaad: **N P K Mg Cl Ni** = Naya Pyar Karna Mana Class Nikal

*Diagrams*: Root Nodule L.S, Nitrogen Cycle  

*NEET Weightage*: 1Q Deficiency + 1Q N2 Fixation = 8 Marks Pakka