NEET Biology | Morphology of flowering Plants 2027, Chapter 5 Class 11 One short notes NCERT + PYQ PDF

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Dropping Complete Notes of Chapter -5 Morphology of Flowering Plants for NEET 2027 Aspirants 🌱

Vexillary aestivation to Diadelphous stamens - Full PYQ Hotspots included! 

### *1. The Root* `1Q Pakka`  

- *Types*:  

    1. *Tap Root*: Primary root + lateral roots. Dicots. Ex: Mustard, Gram.  

    2. *Fibrous Root*: Cluster of roots from base of stem. Monocots. Ex: Wheat, Grass.  

    3. *Adventitious Root*: From plant parts other than radicle. Ex: _Monstera_, Banyan, Maize.  

- *Regions of Root*: Root cap → Region of Meristematic activity → Region of Elongation → Region of Maturation = Root hairs.  

- *Modifications of Root*:

**Type** **Function** **Example** **NEET Point**

**Storage** Food Carrot, Turnip = Tap root. Sweet potato = Adventitious Fusiform = Radish, Napiform = Turnip, Conical = Carrot

**Prop Root** Support Banyan tree Pillar-like, from branches

**Stilt Root** Support Maize, Sugarcane From lower nodes of stem

**Pneumatophores** Respiration *Rhizophora* = Mangrove Negatively geotropic, Lenticels present

### *2. The Stem*  

- *Characters*: Nodes, Internodes, Buds, Leaves. +ve phototropic.  

- *Modifications*:  

    1. *Underground*: Stem tuber = Potato = Eyes, Rhizome = Ginger, Corm = _Colocasia_, Bulb = Onion.  

    2. *Sub-aerial*: Runner = Grass, Stolon = Strawberry, Offset = _Pistia_, Sucker = _Chrysanthemum_.  

    3. *Aerial*: Tendril = _Cucumber_, Thorn = _Citrus_, Phylloclade = _Opuntia_, Cladode = _Asparagus_.  

- *NEET Gold*: Potato = Stem because it has nodes, internodes, buds = Eyes. Sweet potato = Root.  

### *3. The Leaf* `1Q Pakka`  

- *Parts*: Leaf base, Petiole, Lamina. Stipules present in some. Pulvinus leaf base = _Mimosa_.  

- *Venation*: Reticulate = Dicots. Parallel = Monocots.  

- *Types*:  

    1. *Simple*: Single lamina. Ex: Mango, Peepal.  

    2. *Compound*: Lamina divided into leaflets. Pinnately = Neem. Palmately = Silk cotton.  

- *Phyllotaxy*: Arrangement on stem.  

    1. *Alternate*: 1 leaf/node. Ex: China rose, Mustard.  

    2. *Opposite*: 2 leaves/node. Ex: _Calotropis_, Guava.  

    3. *Whorled*: >2 leaves/node. Ex: _Alstonia_.  

- *Modifications*:  

    1. *Tendrils*: _Pea_ for climbing.  

    2. *Spines*: _Cactus_ for defense, reduce transpiration.  

    3. *Storage*: Onion fleshy leaves.  

    4. *Pitcher*: _Nepenthes_. Bladder = _Utricularia_ = Insectivorous.  

### *4. Inflorescence* `1Q Aata Hai`  

- *Racemose*: Indefinite. Main axis continues to grow. Flowers in acropetal order. Ex: Radish, Mustard.  

- *Cymose*: Definite. Main axis terminates in flower. Flowers in basipetal order. Ex: _Jasmine_, _Calotropis_.  

- *Special*:  

    1. *Cyathium*: _Euphorbia_. Single female flower surrounded by male flowers.  

    2. *Verticillaster*: _Ocimum_ = Tulsi, _Salvia_.  

    3. *Hypanthodium*: _Ficus_ = Fig.  

### *5. The Flower* `Highest Weightage = 2Q`  

- *Parts*: Calyx = Sepals, Corolla = Petals, Androecium = Stamens, Gynoecium = Carpels.  

- *Symmetry*:  

    1. *Actinomorphic* = Radial = _Datura_, Chilli.  

    2. *Zygomorphic* = Bilateral = _Pea_, _Gulmohar_, Bean, _Cassia_.  

    3. *Asymmetric* = Irregular = _Canna_.  

- *Position of Floral Parts on Thalamus*:  

    1. *Hypogynous*: Ovary superior = China rose, Mustard, Brinjal.  

    2. *Perigynous*: Ovary half-inferior = Plum, Rose, Peach.  

    3. *Epigynous*: Ovary inferior = Guava, Cucumber, Sunflower.  

- *Aestivation*: Mode of arrangement of sepals/petals.  

    1. *Valvate*: _Calotropis_. 2. *Twisted*: China rose, Cotton. 3. *Imbricate*: _Cassia_, _Gulmohar_. 4. *Vexillary*: _Pea_, Bean = Papilionaceous.  

*A. Androecium* = Male  

- *Attachment*: Epipetalous = Attached to petal = Brinjal. Epiphyllous = Attached to perianth = Lily.  

- *Cohesion*:  

    1. *Monadelphous*: Filaments united in 1 bundle = China rose.  

    2. *Diadelphous*: 2 bundles = _Pea_ = 9+1.  

    3. *Polyadelphous*: Many bundles = _Citrus_.  

- *Adhesion*: Stamens attached to other parts. Epipetalous = Brinjal.  

*B. Gynoecium* = Female  

- *Carpels*: Free = Apocarpous = Lotus, Rose. Fused = Syncarpous = Mustard, Tomato.  

- *Placentation*: Arrangement of ovules.

**Type** **Ovary** **Example** **NEET Point**

**Marginal** Monocarpellary, 1 chamber *Pea* Leguminosae family

**Axile** Multilocular China rose, Tomato, Lemon Many carpels, fused

**Parietal** 1 chamber, becomes 2 by false septum Mustard, *Argemone* Replum = False septum

**Free Central** Septa absent *Dianthus*, *Primrose* Ovules on central axis

**Basal** 1 ovule Sunflower, Marigold Compositae family

### *6. The Fruit*  

- *True Fruit*: Develops only from ovary. Ex: Mango, Tomato.  

- *False Fruit*: Thalamus also contributes. Ex: Apple, Strawberry, Cashew.  

- *Parthenocarpic*: Seedless fruit without fertilization. Ex: Banana.  

- *Types*:  

    1. *Drupe*: Mango, Coconut. Epicarp + Mesocarp + Stony endocarp.  

    2. *Berry*: Tomato, Brinjal, Guava.  

    3. *Legume*: Pea, Bean. Dehiscent.  

    4. *Capsule*: _Datura_, Cotton.  

### *7. The Seed*  

- *Dicot Seed*: _Gram_, _Pea_. Seed coat = Testa + Tegmen. Hilum, Micropyle, 2 cotyledons, Embryonal axis = Plumule + Radicle.  

- *Monocot Seed*: Maize. Seed coat membranous. 1 cotyledon = Scutellum. Endosperm bulky. Aleurone layer = Protein rich.  

- *Non-endospermic*: Endosperm consumed = _Pea_, Bean, Gram.  

- *Endospermic*: Endosperm present = Castor, Maize, Wheat.  

### *8. Families - Description* `2Q Fix Aata Hai`  

*1. Fabaceae* = Leguminosae = _Pea_ Family  

- *Inflorescence*: Racemose.  

- *Flower*: Zygomorphic, Bisexual, Perigynous.  

- *Calyx*: 5, Gamosepalous, Valvate/Imbricate.  

- *Corolla*: 5, Polypetalous, Vexillary = Papilionaceous. 1 Standard, 2 Wings, 2 Keel.  

- *Androecium*: 10, Diadelphous = 9+1.  

- *Gynoecium*: Monocarpellary, Unilocular, Marginal placentation.  

- *Fruit*: Legume.  

- *Floral Formula*: `% ⚥ K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1`  

- *Ex*: _Pisum_ = Pea, _Cicer_ = Gram, _Arachis_ = Groundnut, _Sesbania_, _Indigofera_ = Dye, _Glycyrrhiza_ = Mulethi.  

*2. Solanaceae* = Potato Family  

- *Inflorescence*: Cymose.  

- *Flower*: Actinomorphic, Bisexual, Hypogynous.  

- *Calyx*: 5, Gamosepalous, Valvate.  

- *Corolla*: 5, Gamopetalous, Valvate.  

- *Androecium*: 5, Epipetalous.  

- *Gynoecium*: Bicarpellary, Syncarpous, Bilocular, Swollen placenta, Axile placentation. Ovary obliquely placed.  

- *Fruit*: Berry or Capsule.  

- *Floral Formula*: `⊕ ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)`  

- *Ex*: _Solanum_ = Potato, Brinjal, _Lycopersicon_ = Tomato, _Capsicum_ = Chilli, _Datura_, _Petunia_, _Withania_ = Ashwagandha.  

*3. Liliaceae* = Lily Family  

- *Plant*: Perennial herbs. Bulb/Corm/Rhizome.  

- *Flower*: Actinomorphic, Bisexual, Hypogynous.  

- *Perianth*: 6 = 3+3, Tepals, United.  

- *Androecium*: 6 = 3+3, Epiphyllous.  

- *Gynoecium*: Tricarpellary, Syncarpous, Trilocular, Axile placentation.  

- *Fruit*: Capsule or Berry.  

- *Floral Formula*: `Br ⊕ ⚥ P3+3 A3+3 G(3)`  

- *Ex*: _Allium_ = Onion, _Asparagus_, _Lilium_, _Tulipa_, _Gloriosa_ = Glory lily, _Aloe_, _Colchicum_ = Colchicine.  

### *9. Last 5 Year PYQ One Liners* `Ratta Maar Le`  

1. *Vexillary aestivation* = _Pea_ = Fabaceae = NEET 2024, 2021, 2019.  

2. *Epipetalous stamens* = Solanaceae = Brinjal = NEET 2023, 2020.  

3. *Diadelphous* = _Pea_ = 9+1 = NEET 2022.  

4. *Swollen placenta + Oblique ovary* = Solanaceae = NEET 2021.  

5. *Marginal placentation* = _Pea_ = Legume = NEET 2020.  

6. *Parietal placentation* = Mustard = False septum = Replum = NEET 2019.  

7. *Tricarpellary, Trilocular* = Liliaceae = NEET 2018.  

8. *Phylloclade* = _Opuntia_ = Stem modification = NEET 2023.  

9. *Pneumatophores* = _Rhizophora_ = Mangrove = Respiratory roots = NEET 2022.  

10. *Pulvinus leaf base* = _Mimosa_ = Swollen = NEET 2017.  

11. *Hypanthodium* = _Ficus_ = Fig inflorescence = NEET 2016.  

12. *False fruit* = Apple = Thalamus edible = NEET 2024.